Implantable electrostimulator for improving blood flow

ABSTRACT

An electrostimulator implant is percutaneously advanceable into tissue of a limb of a subject. The implant comprises (i) an intracorporeal sensor, configured to detect a factor indicative of local blood supply in the tissue of the limb; (ii) an electrode disposed at an outer surface of the implant; (iii) an antenna, configured to wirelessly receive power; and (iv) circuitry, powered by the received power, and configured to drive the electrode to apply a bloodflow-increasing current to the tissue at least in part responsively to the detected factor. Other embodiments are also described.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

Some applications of the invention relate in general to implantable electrostimulators. More specifically, some applications of the present invention relate to improving blood flow using implantable electrostimulators.

BACKGROUND

Peripheral artery occlusive disease (PAOD) (also known as peripheral artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, and peripheral obliterative arteriopathy) is a condition in which peripheral arteries (i.e., arteries except those that supply the heart or the brain) are narrowed. PAOD is associated with diabetes, smoking, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia, and is often the result of atherosclerosis. PAOD affects over 200 million people worldwide.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An electrostimulator implant is implanted in a subject that has, or is at risk of developing, peripheral artery occlusive disease (PAOD). For some applications, the implant comprises a detector that detects a factor indicative of local blood supply in the tissue of a limb in which the implant is implanted. For some applications, an extracorporeal device is attached to the limb, and provides wireless power, processing power, and/or additional sensors.

There is therefore provided, in accordance with an application of the present invention, apparatus, including:

-   -   an electrostimulator-implant, percutaneously advanceable into         tissue of a limb of a subject, and including:         -   an intracorporeal sensor, configured to detect a factor             indicative of local blood supply in the tissue of the limb;         -   an electrode disposed at an outer surface of the implant;         -   an antenna, configured to wirelessly receive power; and         -   circuitry, powered by the received power, and configured to             drive the electrode to apply a bloodflow-increasing current             to the tissue at least in part responsively to the detected             factor.

In an application, the intracorporeal sensor includes a temperature sensor, configured to detect a temperature of the tissue.

In an application, the intracorporeal sensor includes an oximeter, configured to detect an oxygen saturation of the tissue.

In an application, the intracorporeal sensor includes a pressure sensor, configured to detect a pressure within the tissue.

In an application, the intracorporeal sensor includes an accelerometer, configured to detect movement indicative of expansion of an artery of the limb.

In an application, the bloodflow-increasing current has a frequency of 1-100 Hz, and the circuitry is configured to drive the electrode to apply the 1-100 Hz bloodflow-increasing current to the tissue at least in part responsively to the detected movement.

In an application, the apparatus further includes an extracorporeal device, attachable to the limb, and configured:

-   -   to wirelessly transmit the power received by the antenna,     -   to receive from the implant information regarding the detected         factor, and     -   at least in part responsively to the received information, to         wirelessly drive the circuitry to drive the electrode to apply         the bloodflow-increasing current.

In an application, the extracorporeal device includes an extracorporeal sensor, configured to detect a factor indicative of local blood supply in the tissue of the limb, and the extracorporeal device is configured to wirelessly drive the circuitry to drive the electrode to apply the bloodflow-increasing current to the tissue, at least in part responsively to (i) the factor detected by the intracorporeal sensor, and (ii) the factor detected by the extracorporeal sensor.

In an application, the extracorporeal sensor includes a temperature sensor, configured to detect a temperature of the tissue.

In an application, the extracorporeal sensor includes an oximeter, configured to detect an oxygen saturation of the limb.

In an application, the extracorporeal sensor includes a pressure sensor, configured to detect a pressure within the limb.

In an application, the extracorporeal sensor includes an accelerometer, configured to detect movement indicative of expansion of an artery of the limb.

In an application, the extracorporeal device includes an extracorporeal accelerometer, configured to detect movement of the limb, and the extracorporeal device is configured to wirelessly drive the circuitry to drive the electrode to apply the bloodflow-increasing current to the tissue, at least in part responsively to (i) the factor detected by the intracorporeal sensor, and (ii) the movement detected by the extracorporeal accelerometer.

In an application, the extracorporeal device includes an extracorporeal temperature sensor, configured to detect an ambient temperature, and the extracorporeal device is configured to wirelessly drive the circuitry to drive the electrode to apply the bloodflow-increasing current to the tissue, at least in part responsively to (i) the factor detected by the intracorporeal sensor, and (ii) the ambient temperature detected by the extracorporeal temperature sensor.

In an application, the extracorporeal device is configured to alternate between (i) a first mode in which the extracorporeal device wirelessly drives the circuitry to drive the electrode to apply the bloodflow-increasing current, the bloodflow-increasing current having a frequency of 1-100 Hz, and (ii) a second mode in which the extracorporeal device wirelessly drives the circuitry to apply a second electrical current having a frequency of 1-10 kHz.

There is further provided, in accordance with an application of the present invention, apparatus, including:

-   -   an electrostimulator-implant, percutaneously advanceable into         tissue of a limb of a subject, and including:         -   a temperature sensor, configured to detect a temperature of             the tissue;         -   an electrode disposed at an outer surface of the implant;         -   an antenna, configured to wirelessly receive power; and         -   circuitry, powered by the received power, and configured to             drive the electrode to apply a bloodflow-increasing current             to the tissue at least in part responsively to the detected             temperature.

In an application, the bloodflow-increasing current has a frequency of 1-100 Hz, and the circuitry is configured to drive the electrode to apply the 1-100 Hz bloodflow-increasing current to the tissue at least in part responsively to the detected temperature.

In an application, the circuitry is configured to drive the electrode to apply the bloodflow-increasing current in response to the detected temperature being below a threshold temperature.

In an application, the apparatus further includes an extracorporeal device, attachable to the limb, and configured to wirelessly transmit the power received by the antenna.

In an application, the extracorporeal device is configured:

-   -   to wirelessly drive the temperature sensor,     -   to receive from the implant information regarding the detected         temperature, and     -   at least in part responsively to the received information, to         wirelessly drive the circuitry to drive the electrode to apply         the bloodflow-increasing current.

In an application, the temperature sensor is a first temperature sensor, the extracorporeal device includes a second temperature sensor, and the extracorporeal device is configured to wirelessly drive the circuitry to drive the electrode to apply the bloodflow-increasing current to the tissue, at least in part responsively to (i) the temperature detected by the first temperature sensor, and (ii) a temperature detected by the second temperature sensor.

In an application, the extracorporeal device is configured to alternate between (i) a first mode in which the extracorporeal device wirelessly drives the circuitry to drive the electrode to apply a first electrical current having a frequency of 1-100 Hz, and (ii) a second mode in which the extracorporeal device wirelessly drives the circuitry to apply a second electrical current having a frequency of 1-10 kHz.

In an application, the implant further includes a pressure sensor, configured to detect a pressure within the tissue, and the circuitry is configured to drive the electrode to apply the current at least in part responsively to the detected pressure.

In an application, the pressure includes a pulse pressure, and the circuitry is configured to drive the electrode to apply the current at least in part responsively to the detected pulse pressure.

There is further provided, in accordance with an application of the present invention, apparatus, including:

-   -   an electrostimulator-implant, percutaneously advanceable into         tissue of a limb of a subject, and including:         -   an oximeter, configured to detect an oxygen saturation of             the tissue;         -   an electrode disposed at an outer surface of the implant;         -   an antenna, configured to wirelessly receive power; and         -   circuitry, powered by the received power, and configured to             drive the electrode to apply a bloodflow-increasing current             to the tissue at least in part responsively to the detected             oxygen saturation.

In an application, the circuitry is configured to drive the electrode to apply the bloodflow-increasing current in response to the detected oxygen saturation being below a threshold oxygen saturation.

In an application, the bloodflow-increasing current has a frequency of 1-100 Hz, and the circuitry is configured to drive the electrode to apply the 1-100 Hz bloodflow-increasing current to the tissue at least in part responsively to the detected oxygen saturation.

In an application, the apparatus further includes an extracorporeal device, attachable to the limb, and configured to wirelessly transmit the power received by the antenna.

In an application, the extracorporeal device is configured:

-   -   to wirelessly drive the oximeter,     -   to receive from the implant information regarding the detected         oxygen saturation, and     -   at least in part responsively to the received information, to         wirelessly drive the circuitry to drive the electrode to apply         the bloodflow-increasing current.

In an application, the oximeter is a first oximeter, the extracorporeal device includes a second oximeter, and the extracorporeal device is configured to wirelessly drive the circuitry to drive the electrode to apply the bloodflow-increasing current to the tissue, at least in part responsively to (i) the oxygen saturation detected by the first oximeter, and (ii) an oxygen saturation detected by the second oximeter.

In an application, the extracorporeal device is configured to alternate between (i) a first mode in which the extracorporeal device wirelessly drives the circuitry to drive the electrode to apply a first electrical current having a frequency of 1-100 Hz, and (ii) a second mode in which the extracorporeal device wirelessly drives the circuitry to apply a second electrical current having a frequency of 1-10 kHz.

In an application, the implant further includes a pressure sensor, configured to detect a pressure within the tissue, and the circuitry is configured to drive the electrode to apply the current at least in part responsively to the detected pressure.

In an application, the detected pressure includes a pulse pressure, and the circuitry is configured to drive the electrode to apply the current at least in part responsively to the detected pulse pressure.

There is further provided, in accordance with an application of the present invention, apparatus, including:

-   -   an electrostimulator-implant, percutaneously advanceable into         tissue of a limb of a subject, and including:         -   a pressure sensor, configured to detect a pressure within             the tissue;         -   an electrode disposed at an outer surface of the implant;         -   an antenna, configured to wirelessly receive power; and         -   circuitry, powered by the received power, and configured to             drive the electrode to apply a bloodflow-increasing current             to the tissue at least in part responsively to the detected             pressure.

In an application, the detected pressure includes a pulse pressure, and the circuitry is configured to drive the electrode to apply the current at least in part responsively to the detected pulse pressure.

In an application, the bloodflow-increasing current has a frequency of 1-100 Hz, and the circuitry is configured to drive the electrode to apply the 1-100 Hz bloodflow-increasing current to the tissue at least in part responsively to the detected pressure.

In an application, the apparatus further includes an extracorporeal device, attachable to the limb, and configured to wirelessly transmit the power received by the antenna.

In an application, the extracorporeal device is configured:

-   -   to wirelessly drive the pressure sensor,     -   to receive from the implant information regarding the detected         pressure, and     -   at least in part responsively to the received information, to         wirelessly drive the circuitry to drive the electrode to apply         the bloodflow-increasing current.

In an application, the pressure sensor is a first pressure sensor, the extracorporeal device includes a second pressure sensor, and the extracorporeal device is configured to wirelessly drive the circuitry to drive the electrode to apply the bloodflow-increasing current to the tissue, at least in part responsively to (i) the pressure detected by the first pressure sensor, and (ii) a pressure detected by the second pressure sensor.

In an application, the extracorporeal device is configured to alternate between (i) a first mode in which the extracorporeal device wirelessly drives the circuitry to drive the electrode to apply a first electrical current having a frequency of 1-100 Hz, and (ii) a second mode in which the extracorporeal device wirelessly drives the circuitry to apply a second electrical current having a frequency of 1-10 kHz.

There is further provided, in accordance with an application of the present invention, apparatus, including:

-   -   an electrostimulator-implant, percutaneously advanceable into         tissue of a limb of a subject, and including:         -   an accelerometer, configured to detect movement indicative             of expansion of an artery of the limb;         -   an electrode disposed at an outer surface of the implant;         -   an antenna, configured to wirelessly receive power; and         -   circuitry, powered by the received power, and configured to             drive the electrode to apply a bloodflow-increasing current             to the tissue at least in part responsively to the detected             movement.

In an application, the circuitry is configured to drive the electrode to apply the bloodflow-increasing current in response to a magnitude of the detected movement being below a threshold magnitude.

In an application, the bloodflow-increasing current has a frequency of 1-100 Hz, and the circuitry is configured to drive the electrode to apply the 1-100 Hz bloodflow-increasing current to the tissue at least in part responsively to the detected movement.

In an application, the apparatus further includes an extracorporeal device, attachable to the limb, and configured to wirelessly transmit the power received by the antenna.

In an application, the extracorporeal device is configured:

-   -   to wirelessly drive the accelerometer,     -   to receive from the implant information regarding the detected         movement, and     -   at least in part responsively to the received information, to         wirelessly drive the circuitry to drive the electrode to apply         the bloodflow-increasing current.

In an application, the accelerometer is a first accelerometer, the extracorporeal device includes a second accelerometer, and the extracorporeal device is configured to wirelessly drive the circuitry to drive the electrode to apply the bloodflow-increasing current to the tissue, at least in part responsively to (i) the movement detected by the first accelerometer, and (ii) a movement detected by the second accelerometer.

In an application, the extracorporeal device is configured to alternate between (i) a first mode in which the extracorporeal device wirelessly drives the circuitry to drive the electrode to apply a first electrical current having a frequency of 1-100 Hz, and (ii) a second mode in which the extracorporeal device wirelessly drives the circuitry to apply a second electrical current having a frequency of 1-10 kHz.

In an application, the implant further includes a pressure sensor, configured to detect a pressure within the tissue, and the circuitry is configured to drive the electrode to apply the current at least in part responsively to the detected pressure.

In an application, the detected pressure includes a pulse pressure, and the circuitry is configured to drive the electrode to apply the current at least in part responsively to the detected pulse pressure.

There is further provided, in accordance with an application of the present invention, a method of treating a subject, the method including:

-   -   identifying the subject as having peripheral arterial occlusive         disease (PAOD); and     -   in response to the identifying:         -   percutaneously implanting an electrostimulator implant in a             limb of the subject; and         -   increasing blood flow in the limb by activating the implant             such that the implant applies an electrical current to the             limb.

In an application, the method further includes repositioning the implant within the limb at least in part responsively to a blood-flow change induced by the activating of the implant.

In an application, the method further includes calibrating the implant at least in part responsively to a blood-flow change induced by the activating of the implant.

In an application, identifying the subject includes identifying the subject as not suffering from peripheral polyneuropathy.

In an application, activating the implant includes activating the implant without inducing paresthesia.

In an application, activating the implant includes activating the implant such that it applies to the limb an electrical current having a frequency of 1-100 Hz.

In an application, activating the implant includes activating the implant to alternate between a first mode in which the implant applies a first electrical current having a frequency of 1-100 Hz, and a second mode in which the implant applies a second electrical current having a frequency of 1-10 kHz.

In an application, activating the implant includes activating the implant such that (i) the implant increases the blood flow in the limb by applying the first electrical current to the limb, and (ii) the implant induces relieves pain by applying the second electrical current to the limb.

In an application, the method further includes repositioning the implant within the limb at least in part responsively to a blood-flow change induced by the activating of the implant.

In an application, the method further includes repositioning the implant within the limb at least in part responsively to a level of pain relief induced by the activating of the implant.

In an application, the method further includes repositioning the implant within the limb at least in part responsively to a level of paresthesia induced by the activating of the implant.

In an application, the method further includes:

-   -   identifying (a) a blood-flow change induced by the activating of         the implant and (b) a level of pain relief induced by the         activating of the implant; and     -   repositioning the implant within the limb at least in part         responsively to (a) and (b).

In an application, the method further includes:

-   -   identifying (a) a blood-flow change induced by the activating of         the implant and (b) a level of paresthesia induced by the         activating of the implant; and     -   repositioning the implant within the limb at least in part         responsively to (a) and (b).

In an application, the method further includes calibrating the implant at least in part responsively to a blood-flow change induced by the activating of the implant.

In an application, the method further includes calibrating the implant at least in part responsively to a level of pain relief induced by the activating of the implant.

In an application, the method further includes calibrating the implant at least in part responsively to a level of paresthesia induced by the activating of the implant.

In an application, the method further includes:

-   -   identifying (a) a blood-flow change induced by the activating of         the implant and (b) a level of pain relief induced by the         activating of the implant; and     -   calibrating the implant at least in part responsively to (a) and         (b).

In an application, the method further includes:

-   -   identifying (a) a blood-flow change induced by the activating of         the implant and (b) a level of paresthesia induced by the         activating of the implant; and     -   calibrating the implant at least in part responsively to (a) and         (b).

In an application, activating the implant includes activating the implant to alternate between being in the first mode for 1-30 minutes, and being in the second mode for 1-10 minutes.

In an application, the step of identifying includes (i) receiving infrared emission information, and (ii) identifying the subject as having PAOD at least in part responsively to the infrared emission information.

In an application, the method further includes repositioning the implant within the limb at least in part responsively to an infrared-emission change induced by the activating of the implant.

In an application, the method further includes calibrating the implant at least in part responsively to an infrared-emission change induced by the activating of the implant.

In an application, receiving the infrared emission information includes receiving a thermographic image of the subject.

In an application, the step of identifying includes (i) receiving temperature information, and (ii) identifying the subject as having PAOD at least in part responsively to the temperature information.

In an application, the method further includes repositioning the implant within the limb at least in part responsively to a temperature change induced by the activating of the implant.

In an application, the method further includes calibrating the implant at least in part responsively to a temperature change induced by the activating of the implant.

In an application, the step of identifying includes (i) receiving Doppler information, and (ii) identifying the subject as having PAOD at least in part responsively to the Doppler information.

In an application, the method further includes repositioning the implant within the limb at least in part responsively to a Doppler change induced by the activating of the implant.

In an application, the method further includes calibrating the implant at least in part responsively to a Doppler change induced by the activating of the implant.

In an application, implanting the electrostimulator in the limb includes implanting the electrostimulator in a leg of the subject.

In an application, implanting the electrostimulator in the leg includes implanting the electrostimulator within 10 mm of a tibial nerve of the subject.

In an application, activating the implant includes activating the implant such that it applies an electrical current to the tibial nerve.

There is further provided, in accordance with an application of the present invention, apparatus for treating a subject, the apparatus including:

-   -   an implant, including:         -   an injectable housing,         -   an electrode disposed on an outer surface of the housing,         -   circuitry, configured to alternate between:             -   (i) a first mode in which the circuitry drives the                 electrode to apply a first electrical current having a                 frequency of 1-100 Hz, and             -   (ii) a second mode in which the implant applies a second                 electrical current having a frequency of 1-10 kHz; and         -   an introducer:             -   including a tube defining a lumen, the tube being                 percutaneously-advanceable into the subject, and the                 lumen dimensioned to at least temporarily house the                 implant, and             -   configured to deploy the implant from a distal end of                 the lumen by moving the implant and the distal end of                 the lumen relative to each other.

The present invention will be more fully understood from the following detailed description of applications thereof, taken together with the drawings, in which:

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a system comprising an implant and an introducer, in accordance with some applications of the invention;

FIG. 2 is a flow chart showing at least some steps in a technique for treating a subject, in accordance with some applications of the invention;

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of an implant, in accordance with some applications of the invention;

FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of an implant 102, in accordance with some applications of the invention; and

FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of a system comprising an implant and an extracorporeal device, in accordance with some applications of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

Reference is made to FIG. 1, which is a schematic illustration of a system 20 comprising an implant 22 and an introducer 40, in accordance with some applications of the invention.

Implant 22 comprises one or more tissue-contacting electrodes 24 disposed at an outer surface of the implant, and circuitry 26 configured to drive the electrodes to apply a treatment current to tissue that is in contact with the electrodes (e.g., circuitry 26 defines and/or comprises a control unit 28). Implant 22 comprises a battery 30, or an antenna 32, or both. For some applications, implant 22 comprises a power source, such as a primary battery, and does not comprise an antenna. For some applications, antenna 32 is configured to receive wireless power. For some such applications, the received wireless power is used by circuitry 26 to recharge battery 30. For some such applications, the received wireless power is used by circuitry 26 to immediately (e.g., within 1 second of receiving the wireless power) drive electrodes 24 to apply the treatment current. For example, implant 22 may not comprise battery 30 or another non-transient power source (although the implant may comprise a capacitor).

Introducer 40 comprises a tube 42 that defines a lumen and is percutaneously-advanceable into a subject. The lumen of tube 42 is dimensioned to house implant 22 at least temporarily. Introducer 40 is configured to deploy the implant from a distal end of the lumen by moving the implant and the distal end of the lumen relative to each other. For example, once implant 22 is disposed inside the subject, within a distal portion of the introducer, tube 42 may be withdrawn proximally while a reference-force rod 44, reversibly coupled to the implant, and slidable with respect to tube 42, holds the implant stationary by providing a reference force to the implant. Alternatively, rod 44 may push implant 22 out of the distal end of tube 42 while the tube is maintained stationary.

Typically, implant 22 has a transverse cross-sectional area (i.e., transverse to the longitudinal axis of the implant along which the implant is injected) of 0.5-8 mm̂2 (e.g., 1-4 mm̂2).

Reference is made to FIG. 2, which is a flow chart showing at least some steps in a technique 60 for treating a subject, in accordance with some applications of the invention. A subject is identified as having peripheral artery occlusive disease (PAOD) (step 62).

Typically, the subject has been previously diagnosed with PAOD (e.g., independently and/or elsewhere), and step 62 is performed by inspecting the medical records of the subject. Alternatively, step 62 may comprise one or more diagnostic techniques. For some applications, the identification of the subject as having PAOD is performed using infrared emission information, e.g., based on infrared emission from a limb of the subject. For example, thermographic imaging or an infrared thermometer may be used. For some applications, the identification of the subject as having PAOD is performed by measuring the temperature of a limb of the subject using contact-based techniques. For some applications, the identification of the subject as having PAOD is performed using Doppler information that is indicative of blood flow in a limb of the subject. For some applications, ultrasound or laser technologies may be used to identify PAOD. For some applications, transcutaneous oximetry is used to identify the subject as having PAOD.

In response to the identification of the subject as having PAOD, an electrostimulator implant (e.g., implant 22) is percutaneously delivered into (e.g., implanted in) a limb of the subject (step 66).

The implant is activated such that the implant applies an electrical current to the limb. The step of activating the implant is not shown in the flowchart of FIG. 2 because activation may be performed before, during or after implantation.

Circuitry 26 (e.g., control unit 28) of implant 22 is typically configured to configure the treatment current to have a frequency of below 100 Hz (e.g., 1-100 Hz). For example, the treatment current may have a frequency of 1-10 Hz (e.g., 2-5 Hz), 7-12 Hz (e.g., 10 Hz), 15-25 Hz (e.g., 20 Hz), or 35-45 Hz (e.g., 40 Hz). It has been observed by the inventors that a current having such a frequency is capable of increasing blood flow in the subject, e.g., in the limb in which the implant is implanted. Therefore the treatment current is also referred to herein as a bloodflow-increasing current.

Typically, the implant is implanted within a leg of the subject. Further typically, the implant is typically implanted within 10 mm (e.g., within 5 mm, such as within 2 mm) of a tibial nerve of the subject, such that, when activated, the implant applies the treatment current to the tibial nerve.

For some applications, percutaneous electrodes are temporarily introduced into the subject in order to identify an implantation site for implant 22 (e.g., prior to, or as part of, step 66). For some such applications, this is performed using, mutatis mutandis, techniques described in PCT application publication WO 2014/087337 to Gross et al (e.g., with reference to FIGS. 4A-H thereof), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. For some such applications, this is performed using, mutatis mutandis, techniques described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/601,604 to Oron et al., which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

For some applications, the implant may be repositioned or calibrated in response to changes in the subject caused by the implant (box 70). For example, at least in part responsively to a blood-flow change, implant 22 may be repositioned (step 72) or calibrated (step 74). Alternatively (e.g., for a subject that suffers from polyneuropathy in addition to PAOD) implant 22 may be configured to relieve pain (e.g., as described hereinbelow) as well as to increase blood flow, and at least in part responsively to a level of pain relief and/or of paresthesia, the implant may be repositioned (step 76) or calibrated (step 78). For some applications, both (i) a blood-flow change and (ii) a level of pain relief and/or paresthesia are identified, and the implant is repositioned and/or calibrated at least in part responsively to both (i) the blood-flow change and (ii) the level of pain relief and/or paresthesia. Blood-flow change may be detected using the same, or a different, technique to the technique used to identify the subject as having PAOD. For example, blood-flow change may be detected using one or more of the factors described hereinbelow with reference to FIGS. 4 & 5, mutatis mutandis.

For some applications, implant 22 is configured to relieve pain by inducing paresthesia. For some applications, implant 22 is configured to relieve pain via high-frequency nerve blocking.

Steps 72, 74, 76 and 78 are contained within box 70, with no arrows therebetween, so as to illustrate that these steps may be performed in any order, and may be repeated, as necessary. For some applications,

Calibration of implant 22 typically comprises changing an characteristic of the treatment current, such as amplitude, frequency and/or pulse width. Calibration is typically performed wirelessly. Repositioning of implant 22 is typically performed before the implant has been fully deployed (e.g., fully released from introducer 40). For some applications, implant 22 is repositioned using, mutatis mutandis, techniques described in PCT application publication WO 2014/087337 to Gross et al. (e.g., with reference to FIGS. 1A-3 thereof), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

For some applications, the implant is implanted in a subject that does not suffer from peripheral polyneuropathy (e.g., does not suffer from pain caused by polyneuropathy). That is, for some applications, identifying the subject comprises also identifying that the subject does not suffer from peripheral polyneuropathy (step 64).

Reference is made to FIG. 3, which is a schematic illustration of an implant 82, in accordance with some applications of the invention. Implant 82 is identical to implant 22, except where noted, and may be used with techniques described herein as described for implant 22, mutatis mutandis. Implant 82 is typically used in subjects that suffer from both PAOD and polyneuropathy.

Circuitry 86 (e.g., a control unit 88 thereof) of implant 82 is configured to alternate the implant between a first mode in which the implant applies a first current, and a second mode in which the implant applies a second current that differs in at least one characteristic (such as, but not limited to, frequency, amplitude, or pulse width) from the first current. Box 84 schematically illustrates this alternating between the first and second modes. The first current is the bloodflow-increasing current described hereinabove, and the second current is configured to induce pain relief. For some applications, the implant is calibrated to adjust one or both of the currents for the particular subject. For some applications, implant 82 remains in the first mode for a duration of 1-30 min (e.g., 2-20 min, such as 5-15 min). For some applications, implant 82 remains in the second mode for a duration of 1-30 min (e.g., 2-20 min, such as 5-15 min). The duration of the first mode may be the same as, or different from, the duration of the second mode.

As described hereinabove, the bloodflow-increasing first current has a frequency of 1-100 Hz. For applications in which pain relief is provided by inducing paresthesia, the second current may also have a frequency of 1-100 Hz. For applications in which pain relief is provided by high frequency nerve blocking, the second current typically has a frequency of 1-10 kHz.

Reference is made to FIG. 4, which is a schematic illustration of an implant 102, in accordance with some applications of the invention. Implant 102 is identical to implant 22, except where noted, and may be used with techniques described herein as described for implant 22, mutatis mutandis. Implant 102 comprises at least one sensor, configured to detect a respective factor indicative of local blood supply (e.g., indicative of blood perfusion to the tissue in which the implant is disposed, or indicative of blood flow through a nearby artery). For illustrative purposes, implant 102 is shown as having a first sensor 104 and a second sensor 110. Circuitry 106 (e.g., a control unit 108 thereof) of implant 102 is configured to drive electrodes 24 to apply the bloodflow-increasing current to the tissue at least in part responsively to the detected factor, typically so as to provide feedback-based treatment as required.

For some applications, one of sensors 104 and 110 is a temperature sensor, configured to detect temperature of the tissue in which the implant is implanted. For such applications, circuitry 106 (e.g., a control unit 108 thereof) of implant 102 is configured to drive electrodes 24 to apply the bloodflow-increasing current to the tissue at least in part responsively to the detected temperature, typically if the detected temperature drops below a threshold temperature, the drop in temperature being indicative of reduced blood flow in the limb.

For some applications, one of sensors 104 and 110 is configured to detect an oxygen saturation in the tissue in which the implant is disposed. For example, the sensor may be an oximeter. For such applications, circuitry 106 (e.g., control unit 108) is configured to drive electrodes 24 to apply the blood-flow increasing current at least in part responsively to the detected oxygen saturation. For example, at least in part responsively to the detected oxygen saturation being indicative of reduced blood flow in the limb (e.g., being lower than a threshold saturation), circuitry 106 (e.g., control unit 108) drives electrodes 24 to apply the bloodflow-increasing current.

For some applications, one of sensors 104 and 110 is a pressure sensor, configured to detect a blood pressure factor. For such applications, circuitry 106 (e.g., control unit 108) is configured to drive electrodes 24 to apply the blood-flow increasing current at least in part responsively to the detected blood pressure factor. For some such applications, the detected blood pressure factor comprises pulse pressure, and circuitry 106 (e.g., control unit 108) is configured to drive electrodes 24 to apply the bloodflow-increasing current at least in part responsively to the detected pulse pressure. For example, at least in part responsively to the detected blood pressure factor (e.g., pulse pressure) being indicative of reduced blood flow in the limb, circuitry 106 (e.g., control unit 108) drives electrodes 24 to apply the bloodflow-increasing current.

For some applications, one of sensors 104 and 110 is an accelerometer, configured to detect movement of the implant caused by expansion of an artery of the limb in which the implant is disposed. For such applications, circuitry 106 (e.g., control unit 108) is configured to drive electrodes 24 to apply the blood-flow increasing current at least in part responsively to the detected movement. For example, at least in part responsively to the detected movement being indicative of reduced blood flow in the limb, circuitry 106 (e.g., control unit 108) drives electrodes 24 to apply the bloodflow-increasing current. For such applications, circuitry 106 (e.g., control unit 108 thereof) is configured to distinguish movement of the implant caused by expansion of an artery, from movement of the implant caused by movement of the limb.

It is to be noted that implant 102 may comprise one or more of the above-described sensors, and circuitry 106 (e.g., control unit 108) may be configured to drive electrodes 24 to apply the blood-flow increasing current at least in part responsively to any combination of the detected factors.

Reference is made to FIG. 5, which is a schematic illustration of a system 120 comprising an implant 122 and an extracorporeal device 130, in accordance with some applications of the invention. Implant 122 is identical to implant 102, except where noted, and may be used with techniques described herein as described for implant 102, mutatis mutandis. Extracorporeal device 130 is configured to be attached to the limb in which implant 122 is disposed, such as by comprising a strap 131 that is extendable around the limb.

Extracorporeal device 130 comprises a power source (e.g., a battery) 132, an antenna 134, and a controller 136 that uses power from source 132 to drive antenna 134 to transmit wireless power, which is received by antenna 32 of implant 122, as described hereinabove, mutatis mutandis. For some applications, device 130 is configured to wirelessly drive (e.g., via circuitry of implant 122) one or more of the sensors (e.g., sensor 104 or sensor 110) of implant 122, and to receive from the implant information regarding the detected factor(s). At least in part responsively to this received information, controller 136 drives antenna 134 to wirelessly drive circuitry 106 (e.g., control unit 108 thereof) to drive electrodes 24 to apply the bloodflow-increasing current. That is, system 120 has similar overall functionality to implant 102, but with at least part of the information processing performed by extracorporeal device 130 rather than by the implant, thereby facilitating miniaturization of implant 122.

It is to be noted that antenna 134 may extend around part, most, or all of strap 131, so as to facilitate communication with implant 122.

For some applications, extracorporeal device 130 comprises at least one extracorporeal sensor, such as an extracorporeal sensor 138 and/or an extracorporeal sensor 140. Sensor 138 is an example of a sensor that is positioned to face the skin of the subject (e.g., to be placed in contact with the skin) when device 130 is attached to the limb, and sensor 140 is an example of a sensor that is typically positioned to face away from the skin of the subject when device 130 is attached to the limb. Typically, sensor 138 is configured to detect a factor indicative of local blood supply, and sensor 140 is configured to detect a factor of the environment. For example, for some applications, sensor 138 is an extracorporeal temperature sensor configured to detect a temperature of the limb, and sensor 140 is an extracorporeal temperature sensor configured to detect an ambient temperature. For such applications, controller 136 is configured to receive information regarding the temperature detected by at least one of the extracorporeal temperature sensors, and device 130 is configured to wirelessly drive circuitry 106 (e.g., control unit 108) of implant 122 to drive electrodes 24 to apply the bloodflow-increasing current to the tissue, at least in part responsively to the temperature detected by the at least one extracorporeal temperature sensor.

Alternatively or additionally, one or more of the extracorporeal sensors may be an oximeter, a pressure sensor, and/or an accelerometer, e.g., as described hereinabove for sensors 104 and 110, mutatis mutandis.

For some applications, the bloodflow-increasing current is driven in response to both (i) information received from the intracorporeal sensors of implant 122, and (ii) information received from the extracorporeal sensors of device 130.

For some applications, extracorporeal device 130 (e.g., controller 136 thereof) is configured to drive implant 122 to alternate between the first and second modes described with reference to FIG. 3, mutatis mutandis.

Reference is again made to FIGS. 1-5. Antennas are shown schematically, and unless described specifically, the configuration (e.g., the shape) of each antenna is not necessarily as shown. Furthermore, whereas each implant and extracorporeal device is shown as comprising a single antenna, that antenna may represent one or more antennas. For example, for some applications that single antenna performs both power transfer and information transfer, whereas for some applications, these functions are performed by distinct antennas.

Reference is again made to FIGS. 1-5. For some applications, the apparatus described herein is used with a limb that does not exhibit PAOD. For example, the apparatus may be used in a currently-unaffected limb of a subject that suffers from PAOD, or in a subject that is identified as being at increased risk of developing PAOD in the future. It is hypothesized that, for some applications, such uses of the apparatus described herein may delay or prevent the development of PAOD (or symptoms thereof) in the treated limb.

It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove. Rather, the scope of the present invention includes both combinations and subcombinations of the various features described hereinabove, as well as variations and modifications thereof that are not in the prior art, which would occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description. 

1-15. (canceled)
 16. Apparatus, comprising: an electrostimulator-implant, percutaneously advanceable into tissue of a limb of a subject, and comprising: a temperature sensor, configured to detect a temperature of the tissue; an electrode disposed at an outer surface of the implant; an antenna, configured to wirelessly receive power; and circuitry, powered by the received power, and configured to drive the electrode to apply a bloodflow-increasing current to the tissue at least in part responsively to the detected temperature.
 17. The apparatus according to claim 16, wherein the bloodflow-increasing current has a frequency of 1-100 Hz, and the circuitry is configured to drive the electrode to apply the 1-100 Hz bloodflow-increasing current to the tissue at least in part responsively to the detected temperature.
 18. The apparatus according to claim 16, wherein the circuitry is configured to drive the electrode to apply the bloodflow-increasing current in response to the detected temperature being below a threshold temperature.
 19. The apparatus according to claim 16, further comprising an extracorporeal device, attachable to the limb, and configured to wirelessly transmit the power received by the antenna.
 20. The apparatus according to claim 19, wherein the extracorporeal device is configured: to wirelessly drive the temperature sensor, to receive from the implant information regarding the detected temperature, and at least in part responsively to the received information, to wirelessly drive the circuitry to drive the electrode to apply the bloodflow-increasing current.
 21. The apparatus according to claim 19, wherein the temperature sensor is a first temperature sensor, the extracorporeal device comprises a second temperature sensor, and the extracorporeal device is configured to wirelessly drive the circuitry to drive the electrode to apply the bloodflow-increasing current to the tissue, at least in part responsively to (i) the temperature detected by the first temperature sensor, and (ii) a temperature detected by the second temperature sensor.
 22. The apparatus according to claim 19, wherein the extracorporeal device is configured to alternate between (i) a first mode in which the extracorporeal device wirelessly drives the circuitry to drive the electrode to apply a first electrical current having a frequency of 1-100 Hz, and (ii) a second mode in which the extracorporeal device wirelessly drives the circuitry to apply a second electrical current having a frequency of 1-10 kHz.
 23. The apparatus according to claim 16, wherein the implant further comprises a pressure sensor, configured to detect a pressure within the tissue, and the circuitry is configured to drive the electrode to apply the current at least in part responsively to the detected pressure.
 24. The apparatus according to claim 23, wherein the pressure comprises a pulse pressure, and the circuitry is configured to drive the electrode to apply the current at least in part responsively to the detected pulse pressure. 25-82. (canceled) 